浅谈英文中的直接引语与间接引语
今天我们一起来学习关于直接引语和间接引语的知识,先看两个例句:
Jenny said, “I am so tired.” (direct speech)
詹妮说:“我太累了。”(直接引语)
Jenny said that she was so tired. (indirect speech)
詹妮说她太累了。(间接引语)
由上可知,引语分为两类:直接引语和间接引语。
直接和间接引语帮助我们将信息从一个人递给另一个人。我们分别来看一下这两种引语涉及的知识点:
1. 直接引语
定义:直接引用原话,把它放在引号内,不需要改变句子结构中的时态或代词。如下:
They said, “We watched a movie last night.”
他们说,“我们昨晚看了一部电影。”
2. 间接引语
定义:用自己的话加以转述,被转述的内容不放在引号内。间接引语大都是宾语从句,当直接引语为陈述句或者疑问句被转换成间接引语时,句子的结构,人称,时态,时间状语和地点状语等都要发生改变。如下:
Tom said, “I am so hungry.” (direct speech)
汤姆说:“我太饿了。”(直接引语)
Tom said that he was so hungry. (indirect speech)
汤姆说他太饿了。(间接引语)
在间接引语中我们可以发现人称I变成了he,动词am变成了was。那么我们就来具体看看由直接引语变为间接引语时,我们的人称和时态如何变化:
ü 如何变人称:有一句顺口溜“一随主;二随宾;第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化,如:She said, "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如:He said to Kate, "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称,从句中的人称一般不需要变化。如:Mr. Smith said, "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.
ü 如何变时态:直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。一般现在时态需改为一般过去时;一般将来时需改为过去将来时;现在完成时需改为过去完成时。如:
She said, "I hope so." → She said she hoped so.
She said, "He will see his friend."→ She said he would see his friend.She said, "I have lost a pen." → She said she had lost a pen.但要注意在以下时态不变化的特殊情况。
①直接引语是客观真理。如:The teacher told me, “The earth moves around the sun.” → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun.②如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to, had better, used to),间接引语不再变。如:Peter said, "You had better get up early." →Peter said I had better get up early.