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Dragon Boat Festival: 5th day of the 5th lunar month

Qu Yuan

The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating zong zi (glutinousrice（糯米）wrapped to form a pyramidusing bamboo or reed leaves) and racing dragon boats.

The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. This regatta（赛舟会）commemorates the death of Qu Yuan , an honest minister who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river.

Qu was a minister of the State of Chu situated in present-day Hunan and Hubei provinces, during the Warring States Period (475-221BC)（战国时期）. He was upright, loyal and highly esteemed for his wise counselthat brought peace and prosperity to the state. However, when a dishonest and corrupt prince vilified Qu, he was disgraced and dismissed from office. Realizing that the country was now in the hands of evil and corrupt officials, Qu grabbed a large stone and leapt into the Miluo River （汨罗江） on the fifth day of the fifth month. Nearby fishermen rushed over to try and save him but were unable to even recover his body. Thereafter, the state declined and was eventually conquered by the State of Qin.

The people of Chu who mourned the death of Qu threw rice into the river to feed his ghost every year on the fifth day of the fifth month. But one year, the spirit of Qu appeared and told the mourners that a huge reptile（爬行动物）in the river had stolen the rice. The spirit then advised them to wrap the rice in silk and bind it with five different-colored threads before tossing it into the river.

During the Duanwu Festival, a glutinous rice pudding called zong zi is eaten to symbolize the rice offerings to Qu. Ingredients such as beans, lotus seeds（莲子）, chestnuts（栗子）, pork fat and the golden yolk of a salted duck egg are often added to the glutinous rice. The pudding is then wrapped with bamboo leaves, bound with a kind of raffia and boiled in salt water for hours.

The dragon-boat races

The dragon-boat races symbolize the many attempts to rescue and recover Qu's body. A typical dragon boat ranges from 50-100 feet in length, with a beam of about 5.5 feet, accommodating two paddlers seated side by side.

A wooden dragon head is attached at the bow, and a dragon tail at the stern（船尾）. A banner hoisted on a pole is also fastened at the stern and the hull is decorated with red, green and blue scales edged in gold. In the center of the boat is a canopied shrine behind which the drummers, gong（铜锣）beaters and cymbal（铙钹）players are seated to set the pace for the paddlers. There are also men positioned at the bow to set off firecrackers, toss rice into the water and pretend to be looking for Qu. All of the noise and pageantry creates an atmosphere of gaiety and excitement for the participants and spectators alike. The races are held among different clans, villages and organizations, and the winners are awarded medals, banners, jugs of wine and festive meals.

世界其他地方的粽子风俗

墨西哥的粽子

墨西哥人也有吃粽子的习俗，他们把粽子称为“达玛尔”。主料是粗颗粒的玉米面，用肉片和辣椒作馅，用玉米叶子或香蕉叶子包成，别有风味。有“粽子节”以欢庆玉米丰收，在节日中，家家户户用芭蕉叶包玉米和牛肉、鸡肉、胡萝卜、土豆、辣椒等煮熟后食用。

秘鲁的粽子

秘鲁人是在圣诞节时吃粽子，全家人围坐在一起，边欢庆圣诞节，边吃粽子，甚至已出嫁的女儿也赶回娘家，再尝娘家粽子的风味。

每逢圣诞来临，委内瑞拉家家户户包裹粽子，这已成了应节一景，届时，连平日卖点心的店铺也堆满了粽子。这种粽子以玉米面为主料，以火腿、腊肉或香肠为馅料，还加进橄榄、葡萄干，用新鲜蕉叶包成长方形，每个重约半公斤，焙干蕉叶，粽子即熟，剥开粽子，清香四溢。吃粽庆节，别有一番情趣。

中国少数民族的粽子

瑶族：瑶族做粽子用糯米配腊肉条、绿豆，包“枕头粽”，形似枕头，每个约250克。也有在糯米中加红糖、花生等制成素馅凉粽子。

畲族：畲族粽子，民间称牯角。用箬叶将糯米包成四角。再用龙草捆扎，十个一串，有的人家还要在包粽子时加菜、肉、红枣等做馅。煮粽常用灰碱水，粽子煮好后，色黄气香，可存放半月。

傣族：傣族过端午也吃粽子，还要过“粽子节”。据说“粽子节”是为了纪念一对因婚姻遭父母反对而殉情的青年男女。在这一天，凡未婚的傣家小伙子都要拿粽子包，与姑娘们相会在大龙潭的芒果树下，男女围成圈，姑娘唱起情歌，小伙子吹叶子伴奏。然后小伙子把粽包送给中意的姑娘。

毛南族：毛南族也过端午节，但节日的意义与汉族不同，民间称为“药节”。过药节时，习惯采艾叶、菖蒲、黄姜等草药熬水饮汁，或用这些草药作馅包粽食用。民间认为端午吃这种包馅粽粑可以解毒去病。

最大和最小的粽子

广西壮族出现过最大的粽子，它是将芭蕉叶垫在一个特大的方形笼格中，内放50公斤淘净并拌有酱油的糯米，再拌入一只去皮骨、切成小方块的猪腿的肉，面上复一层芭蕉叶，隔水蒸熟，这种粽子壮族人叫“口粽粑”，可供一家三口吃两个月。

据香港的媒体介绍，香港有9位老人，曾经包了1只重36公斤的粽子，供250人食用。1989年端午节，台湾彰化县曾制作一只特大粽子，重达350公斤。广东一带包的粽子个儿特大，煮熟后1只粽子端到桌上，四个年轻人居然没法将它吃掉。

粽子还有最小的，在上海一些酒楼饭馆中，宴席点心供应“迷你粽”，小得象手指一般，每50克糯米加4小块火腿，可包4只小粽子，白线缠绿叶，玲珑淡雅，真象一件工艺品，让人爱不释手，舍不得剥而吃之。