课文详注 Further notes on the text
1．under control
受到控制
get it under control表示“使它得到控制”，get有“使……处于某种状态”的含义：
You'd better get your dog under control.
你最好管住你的狗。
The Government can no longer keep prices under control.
政府已控制不住物价。
2．for miles around
方圆数英里
around表示“在周围”、“向四周”：
This is the only modern building for miles around.
方圆数英里之内这是惟一的一座现代化建筑。
3．Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction…
冬季即将来临，这些山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁……
（1）come on的过去进行时形式表示的是过去将来时，它在这里表示季节的“到来”、“来临”：
When spring comes on, there will be flowers everywhere.
春天到来时到处都是鲜花。
I was still in the forest when night came on.
夜晚来临时我仍在森林里。
（2）threaten…with表示“以……威胁/恐吓”：
The thief threatened him with a knife.
小偷用刀子威胁他。
Then whole village is threatened with destruction.
整个村子面临着毁灭的威胁。
4．…for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
……因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，而且还会引起严重的水灾。
（1）for引导的句子与前面的两个分句为并列句，用于陈述原因。heavy rain这个主语之后是由not only… but… as well连接的两个谓语。与并列连词 not only…but (also)的含义一样，not only…but…as well也表示“不仅……而且……”，用于连接并列句，只是as well通常位于句尾。试比较：
He not only washed the car, but (also) polished it./He not only washed the car, but polished it as well.
他不仅冲洗了汽车，而且擦拭了它。
（2）wash away表示“冲掉”、“冲走”或“洗掉”等：
A wooden bridge was washed away by the flood.
一座木桥被洪水冲走了。
I can't wash the spot away.
我无法把这污点洗去。
5．in huge quantities
大量地
quantity单数时仅表示“数量”，既可以用于表示多也可以用于表示少：
They drank a large/great/small quantity of beer last night.
昨天晚上他们喝了大量/许多/少量的啤酒。
quantity复数时表示“大量”：
He bought books in (large) quantities.
他大量地购书。
He has quantities of books/stamps.
他有大量的书/邮票。
6．… in many places the grass had already taken root.
……很多地方的草已经生了根。
take root表示“生根”，是固定短语：
This type of grass takes root easily.
这种草很容易生根。
这个短语也可以表示某种思想/想法等“扎根”：
The idea has taken root in his mind.
这个想法已在他脑子里扎了根。
7．In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
一片片的绿草开始出现在这片烧焦的土地上，代替了多少世纪以来一直生长在那里的参天大树。
（1）in place of表示“代替”、“取代”：
Jane answered the phone in place of Mary.
简代替玛丽接了电话。
（2）介词短语in place of的宾语是trees。trees有一个which引导的关系从句，which在从句中作主语，不可省略；从句中的时态为过去完成进行时。（cf．本课语法）
（3）patch的含义之一是“颜色和周围不同的部分”：
There are patches of cloud in the sky.
天空中有片片白云。
What is that yellow patch on the wall?
墙上那块黄斑是什么？
（4）blackened为过去分词，作形容词用，表示“变黑了的”、“烧焦的”：
The smoke has blackened the walls.
烟把墙熏黑了。
语法 Grammar in use
1．过去完成进行时(The past perfect progressive tense) 构成：had been 现在分词
（1）过去完成进行时用于强调某动作在过去更早的某一段时间内一直在进行，并对过去某一时刻产生结果。与它经常连用的表示时间的词有before, for, since, all day等：
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
她很累了。她整天都在打信件。
（2）过去完成进行时可用来表示过去经常重复的动作：
Jill was angry. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week.
吉尔生气了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都给她打电话。
（3）它还可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出结论：
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.
她的眼睛红了。显然她刚哭过。
（4）在包含间接引语的句子中，如果引述词是过去时态，则现在完成进行时要改为过去完成进行时（cf．第15课语法）：
He told me that he had been working here for many years.
他告诉我他在这里工作了许多年。
2．过去完成进行时与过去完成时的比较
过去完成时在第14课与第38课的语法中已经学过。它与过去完成进行时有时可以替换使用：
Dan had worked/had been working for the firm for fifteen years when I first met him.
我第一次遇见丹时，他已在该公司干了15年了。
需要表示某个工作已经完成时，只能用过去完成时：
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.
我回到家时，看见吉尔在粉刷她的房间。（工作尚未完成）
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.
我回到家时，发现吉尔已经粉刷过她的房间了。（已完成）
When I arrived, they'd already put the fire out.
我到达时，他们已经把火扑灭了。（不可用过去完成进行时）
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