再次提请诸位：状语从句说起来是最简单的一类，主要是它往往是一个连接词加上一个完整的句子，这个连接词在句子中不作成分，意义也确定。整个从句往往跟主句分开，没有什么结构上的瓜葛。

但在某种程序上，状语从句又是最复杂的，那就是它的那个连接词。通常如果在状语从句上有什么问题，就是连接词没有搞清楚。说起原因，就认because, 说起条件，只记得if, 导致阴沟里翻船。所以务必全方位出击连接词，也就是状语从句的引导词，避免冤死在这类弱智从句上。

真正对大脑有点挑战性的，还在后头呢。

条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or

答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.　B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.

让步状语从句

though, although

注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.

虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.

虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）

典型例题

1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless

答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

2)　as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3)　ever if, even though.　即使

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or-　 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5)　"no matter 疑问词" 或"疑问词 后缀ever"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换：no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.

（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)

（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

特殊从属连词

所谓特殊从属连词，是指一些容易引起误解的从属连词。普通的从属连词如because, although, when, 因为功能单一，而且频繁出镜，一看即知它后面肯定跟着一个状语从句。另外有些从属连词却不然，乍一看，它不个正经的从属连词，因为它还本身更像某种其它词，如果不能确认它的真实身份，后面出现一个从句可能让人手忙脚乱，不知所从。其实它们是一群披着各种皮的狼。其中有名词之“皮”、副词之“皮”、分词之“皮”等，需要我们透过现象得其“狼”的本质。

辨别词类

1． 名词型从属连词。看起来只是一个名词，但可以引导从句，主要见于时间状语从句，如 the moment。

Every time I listen to music I'll think of it.

He didn't tell me anything the last time I saw him.

He flinched each time she spoke to him.

The moment/instant I saw him I knew that there was no hope.

考题

you see the lightening ____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. (97-01 CET-4)

a. the instant*

b. for an instant

c. on the instant

d. in an instant

2． 副词型从属连词，如directly等。

Directly he uttered these words, there was a dead silence.

3． 分词性从属连词，如supposing (that)等。

Supposing (that) it rains, can we play the match indoors?

Providing (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

Given that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.

*少数几个词，不再如现在分词一样理解，留心即可。

辨别从句类别

4． that型从属连词，如in that, now that等

Now that we have decorated the house, we can move in.

Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.

*这些一些相对固定的组合，表示特定的逻辑关系，与名词从句和定语从句区分开来。

考题

although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ____ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors. (2000-01 CET-4)

a. by which

b. to which

c. in that*

d. so that

Lhasa is unique ____ it is the highest city in China. (CET-4)

a. on that

b. so that

c. for that

d. in that

5． 疑问词及whether...or...

Stay where you are!

Corn flourished best where the ground is rich.

Do it how you can.

Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.

*也要区别于名词从句和定语从句。名词从句功能相当于名词，故常为主语宾语等，在动词介词之后，定语从句在名词之后。状语从句作状语则一般不同。

I am going whether it is raining or not.

I'll go, whether you come with me or stay at home.

*与名词从句分开。除了此处不作主语宾语，作状语往往与主句有逗号隔开或在句末，而且or not不能少。

一词多能

6． 多功能从属连词，可引导状语从句，也可能是为其它功能，意义也有差异。如as, once, since等。

AS

作介词

They entered the building disguised as cleaner.

As her private secretary he has access to all her correspondence.

作关系词

Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.

作从属连词

As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening.

As she's been ill perhaps she'll need some help.

Much as I like you, I couldn't live with you.

ONCE

副词

She was once a true love of mine.

从属连词

Once you have learned Spanish, you will find Italian easy.

7． 比较句。（有些归为状语从句，老邪放在“特别句型”后讲）

省略

当从句的主语与主句的主语相同或为it，且从句谓语中含有be动词时，有时可将从句的主语和be动词省去。这种省略见于一些时间、地点、条件及让步状语从句中。

Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract (they are) cooled.

When (he was) a student in the university, he read a lot.

While (he was) waiting, he took out a magazine to read.

A tiger can't be tamed unless (it is) caught very yound.

The kind of tree grows favorably where (it is) wet.

考题

A tiger can't be tamed unless ____ very young. (TOEFL)

a. being caught

b. caught*

c. it being caught

d. it's being caught

____, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies.

a. Although not being an economist himself

b. Although not an economist himself*

c. Although not having been an economist himself

d. Although being no an economist himself

A reagent is any chemical that reacts in a predictable way ____ with other chemicals. (TOEFL)

a. when mixed*

b. when is mixed

c. it mixed

d. when mixing

A beam of light will not bend round corners unless _____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device.

a. made*

b. to be made

c. being made

d. having

As a general rule, snakes don't bite unless ____. (TOEFL)

a. offended*

b. are offended

c. they offended

d. offending

*原则：从属连词后要么是完整的主语和谓语动词，要么主语和be动词同时省略。

状语从句的倒装

有些条件句有时可不用从属连词，而用倒装语序。

虚拟条件句

Had I learned the new grammar, I would have done much better.

Were I you, I would not do that.

As, though引导让步状语从句时

Old as I am, I can still fight.

Try as you may, you will never succeed.

Fool as he looks, he always seems to make the wisest proposals.

Exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.

配对使用的从属连词

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

Hardly/scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain.

No sooner had we begun having dinner than the doorbell rang.

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