1、情态动词的完成式

1)must have done——表示对过去的事情较有把握

的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定，准是，肯定”，其否定形式是can’t/couldn’thave done，意为“决不可能，不太可能”。

e.g. Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

2)should/ought to have done——表示过去应该做的

却没有做，常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻，意为“本应该”，“应该就好了”; e.g. With all the work finished, I should have gone to your birthday party last night.

3)shouldn’t/ought not to have done——表示过去不该

做的事却给做了，也常含有责备、不满之意，意为“本不该”。

e.g. You shouldn’t have gone back to work yesterday without the doctor’s permission.

4)may/might have done——表示对过去的事情的推

测，但不十分有把握，意为“可能，或许已经”。 e.g. A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt.

5)could have done——表示过去有可能或有能力做某

事，而实际未做、未能实现的事;有时也表示轻度批评，意为“本来可以，完全可以”。 e.g. The gas leakage could have been avoided if the

gas company took immediate measures after the warning call.

6)needn’t have done——表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“其实没有必要”。 e.g. I needn’t have bought all that wine——only three people came.

2、可作情态动词用的短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, cannot but, may/might as well

[例1]You all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.

A. needn’t have done B. must not have done

C. shouldn’t have done D. can’t have done

[例2]I to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.

A. ought to have written B. must have written

C. couldn’t have written D. needn’t have written

[例3]You those letters. Why didn’t you

A. should post B. must have posted

C. should have posted D. ought to post

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