手把手教你使用动词表达

大家在为托福写作做准备的时候，有时会困惑怎样的英文表达是有效的，清晰的表达，评判的标准是什么?对此OG上做了评判说明：1)有效破题 2)结构合理 3)展开充分：例子和细节 4) 用词地道和句子体现多样化。尽管如此说明，大家不免任会困惑，更具体地讲：怎样的句子是有效地道的句子呢?谁说了算呢?

今天给大家介绍一本书《中式英语之鉴》The translator’s guide to Chinglish。作者是Joan Pinkham 带大家从词和句子结构两个角度，认识怎样的表达是清晰、简洁而有效的表达。

作者琼平卡姆女士从80年代到90年代，先是在外文出版社做外文改译工作，后在中央编译局从事(马恩列斯著作编译局)的编译工作。这本书的出版得到了前任编译局英文处处长姜桂华和作者的丈夫拉里，作家和新闻学教授的校审和帮助。

Quotation from The Element of style by William Strunk：

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.

注：好的表达凝练简洁， 无冗词，无赘述。

Unnecessary Nouns and Verbs

第一部分 名词 Nouns

第一类：容易辨识的冗赘名词，它的含义已经隐藏在句子的其他成份之中，无需重复出现。

A: to accelerate the pace of economic reform

B: to accelerate economic reform

(‘ To accelerate’= ‘to increase the pace of’)

A: living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to rise

B: living standards in both urban and rural areas continued to rise

(‘ The notion of living standards applied only to people.)

A: the development of our economy in the future will, to a large extent, depend on…

B: the development of our economy will depend to a large extent on…

(The future tense of the verb (‘will depend’) is sufficient to express futurity.)

第二类：不易发现的冗赘名词和动名词

A: at that time the situation in northeast China was still one where the enemy was stronger than the people’s forces

B: at that time the enemy was still stronger than the people’s forces in northeast China

(‘Situation’ is a particularly dangerous noun. Not only is it generally unnecessary, but it drags other unnecessary elements after it (in this instance, ‘one where’))

A: the key to the solution lies in the curtailment of expenditure

B: the solution is to curtail expenditure

(‘key’ is sometimes useful, but usually it too can be dispensed with. And like ‘situation,’ it often leads to further unnecessary complications (here, ‘lies in’)

A: inner-party democracy is a subject that has been discussed in detail

B: inner-party democracy has been

discussed in detail

第三类：冗赘的范畴词(Category nouns)

A: we must oppose the practice of extravagance

B: we must oppose extravagance

A: to ensure a relationship of close cooperation between…

B: to ensure close cooperation between…

A: this, coupled with the factor of price instability, caused…

B: this, coupled with price instability, caused…